![]() |
O presidente Lyndon Johnson concede uma medalha a um soldado americano durante uma visita ao Vietnã em 1966. |
[1] “1961–1968: The Presidencies of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson,” Office of the Historian, Departamento de Estado dos EUA, https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/foreword.
[2] Adam Wernick, “LBJ sabia que a Guerra do Vietnã era um desastre em formação. Veja por que ele não conseguiu sair dali.” PRI, 8 de setembro de 2017, https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-09-08/lbj-knew-vietnam-war-was-disaster-making-heres-why-he-couldnt-walk-away.
[3] Edwin E. Moïse, "Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War," (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2004), pg 113.[4] Lieutenant Commander Pat Paterson, “The Truth About Tonkin,” Naval History Magazine, U.S. Naval Institute, fevereiro de 2008, https://www.usni.org/magazines/navalhistory/2008-02/truth-about-tonkin.[5] “The Tonkin Gulf,” Miller Center for Public Affairs, https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/educational-resources/tonkin-gulf.[6] Lieutenant Commander (Capitão-de-Corveta) Pat Paterson.[7] “U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War: The Gulf of Tonkin and Escalation, 1964,” Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State, https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/gulf-of-tonkin.
[8] Lyndon Johnson qtd. in Bill Moyers, “LBJ’s Path to War, Part I,” PBS, 20 de novembro de 2009, http://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/11202009/watch2.html.[9] Mark Clodfelter.[10] Walter Cronkite, “Gulf of Tonkin's Phantom Attack,” NPR, 2 de agosto de 2004, https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=3810724.[11] Gordon M. Goldstein, "Lessons in Disaster: Mcgeorge Bundy and the Path to War in Vietnam", edição re-impressa. (New york: Holt Paperbacks, 2009), pg 98.
![]() |
O Secretário de Estado Dean Rusk, o Presidente Lyndon B. Johnson e o Secretário de Defesa Robert McNamara em uma reunião na Casa Branca, em 9 de fevereiro de 1968 (Yoichi Okamoto/ Biblioteca LBJ). |
[12] Robert Pape, pg 177.[13] H.R. McMaster, "Dereliction of Duty: Lyndon Johnson, Robert Mcnamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies That Led to Vietnam", (New York: Harper Perennial, 1998), pg 88.
[14] H.R. McMaster, pg 90.[15] Gordon M. Goldstein, pg 98.
[16] H.R. McMaster, pg 90.
"...convencer os norte-vietnamitas de que sua ação de guerrilha inspirada, dirigida e apoiada pelos comunistas para derrubar o governo estabelecido no Sul não pode ser realizada, e então negociar pela paz e segurança futuras daquele país."[19]
[17] William Martel, “America's Grand Strategy Disaster,” The National Interest, 9 de junho de 2014, https://nationalinterest.org/feature/americas-grand-strategy-disaster-10627.[18] X (George F. Kennan), “The Sources of Soviet Conduct,” Foreign Affairs (julho de 1947), https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russian-federation/1947-07-01/sources-soviet-conduct.[19] Robert McNamara qtd. in Major James M. Bright, “A Failure in Strategy: America and the Vietnam War 1965-1968,” (master's thesis, United States Marine Corps Command and Staff College, 2000 - 2001), https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a401184.pdf.
[20] Michael H. Hunt, "Lyndon Johnson's War: America's Cold War Crusade in Vietnam, 1945-1968", (Hill and Wang Critical Issues), Reprint ed. (New York: Hill and Wang, 1997), 93.[21] Kyle Staron, “The Airpower Partisans Get It Wrong Again,” War on the Rocks, 17 de setembro de 2015, https://warontherocks.com/2015/09/the-airpower-partisans-get-it-wrong-again/.
[22] Mark Clodfelter, “The Limits of Airpower or the Limits of Strategy: The Air Wars in Vietnam and Their Legacies,” Joint Forces Quarterly 78 (3rd Quarter 2015), https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/jfq/jfq-78/jfq-78_111-124_Clodfelter.pdf.[23] Robert A. Pape, "Bombing to Win: Air Power and Coercion in War," (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1996), pg 174.[24] Robert A. Pape, pg 175.
[25] Tenente-Coronel J.L. Schley, “Some Notes On the World War,” The Military Engineer 21 (1929): pg 55, https://books.google.com/books?id=kPdKAQAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Schley.[26] Lyndon Johnson qtd. in Bill Moyers, “LBJ’s Path to War, Part I,” PBS, 20 de novembro de 2009, http://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/11202009/watch2.html.[27] Coronel Dennis M. Drew, “Rolling Thunder 1965: Anatomy of a Failure,” Airpower Research Institute (outubro de 1986), https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a215903.pdf.[28] Coronel Dennis M. Drew.
![]() |
Aviões F-105 Thunderchiefs bombardeando por radar seguindo a instrução de um líder B-66. (Wikimedia) |
[29] Coronel Dennis M. Drew.[30] Coronel Dennis M. Drew.[31] Coronel Dennis M. Drew.[32] Major James Bright.
[33] David Coleman e Marc Selverstone, “Lyndon B. Johnson and the Vietnam War,” Miller Center’s Presidential Recordings Program, acessado em 13 de dezembro de 2018, https://prde.upress.virginia.edu/content/Vietnam.[34] David Coleman e Marc Selverstone.[35] Lyndon B. Johnson qtd. in David Coleman e Marc Selverstone.[36] David Coleman e Marc Selverstone.[37] Daryl Press e Jennifer Lind, “Red Lines and Red Herrings,” Foreign Policy, 6 de maio de 2013, https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/05/06/red-lines-and-red-herrings/.
[38] David Coleman e Marc Selverstone.[39] David Coleman e Marc Selverstone.[40] James McAllister, “Who Lost Vietnam? Soldiers, Civilians, and U.S. Military Strategy,” International Security, Vol. 35, No. 3 35, no. 3 (Winter 2010/2011): pg 104, https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/40981253.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Ac34201b5ae3772947c0f52acc112e963.[41] Clausewitz, Carl (Michael Howard and Peter Paret, Eds.) Von, On War, edição re-impressa, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ Pr, 1984), pg 136.
[42] Max Boot, "The Road Not Taken: Edward Lansdale and the American Tragedy in Vietnam," (New York: Liveright, 2018), pg 3.
[43] Max Boot, pg 8.[44] Catharin Dalpino, “The Other Vietnam Syndrome,” Brookings Institution, 23 de abril de 2003, https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/the-other-vietnam-syndrome/.[45] Catharin Dalpino.
*Nota do Tradutor: O comentário foi feito em inglês fazendo uso do latim, “setting policy for a region that was terra incognita".
[46] Robert McNamara qtd. in Coronel Dennis M. Drew.[47] Major ML Cavanaugh, “It’s Time to End the Tyranny of Ends, Ways, and Means,” Modern War Institute at West Point, 24 de julho de 2017, https://mwi.usma.edu/time-end-tyranny-ends-ways-means/.[48] Edward N. Luttwak, "Strategy: The Logic of War and Peace," edição revisada, (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 2002).
[49] George Herring qtd. in Gian Gentile, “A Better Understanding of the Vietnam War,” Small Wars Journal, http://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/journal/docs-temp/318-gentile.pdf.
![]() |
Enquanto hospedava o Secretário de Defesa Robert McNamara no Rancho LBJ, em 22 de dezembro de 1964, o Presidente Lyndon B. Johnson reage à notícia de novos problemas no Vietnã. (Corbis) |
![]() |
Rolling Thunder in a Gentle Land: The Vietnam War Revisited. Andrew Wiest. |
![]() |
American Strategy in Vietnam: A Critical Analysis. Coronel Harry G. Summers Jr. |
![]() |
The 25-Year War: America's Military Role in Vietnam. General Bruce Palmer Jr. |
![]() |
The Twenty-Five Year Century: A South Vietnamese General Remembersthe Indochina War to the Fall of Saigon. Lam Quang Thi. |
![]() |
Westmoreland: The man who lost Vietnam. Lewis Sorley. |